10th Std MODALS

MODALS

Exercises:-

Q1 Complete the following paragraphs by filling in the blanks with the help of the
given options.
1. “Nobody is answering the doorbell. They (a) ______on a holiday.”
“You (b)_______ right, but we (c)______ check with the neighbours.
They (d) ________know their whereabouts.”

(a) (i) may (ii) may be (iii) need (iv) needn’t
(b) (i) couldn’t (ii) can (iii) can’t be (iv) could be
(c) (i) should (ii) need (iii) cannot (iv) shouldn’t
(d) (i) could (ii) must (iii) may (iv) cannot

2. You (a) ________litter the station. You (b) _______use the bins placed on the
platforms. You (c)_______ follow the rules of hygiene and safety in public places. You (d) _________know the consequences of littering.

(a) (i) can (ii) must (iii) should (iv) cannot
(b) (i) needn’t (ii) may (iii) must (iv) mustn’t
(c) (i) could (ii) should (iii) couldn’t (iv) shouldn’t
(d) (i) may (ii) ought to (iii) could (iv) needn’t

3. “You (a) _______go to the bank tomorrow. I (b)_______ lend you the money. You (c) ________return the money later.” “You (d)___________ take as much rest as possible.”

(a) (i) needn’t (ii) need (iii) may (iv) may not
(b) (i) must (ii) can (iii) needn’t (iv) wouldn’t
(c) (i) mustn’t (ii) cannot (iii) shouldn’t (iv) may
(d) (i) could (ii) couldn’t (iii) should (iv) shouldn’t

Q2. The following sentences are not edited. There is one error in each sentence against which a blank has been given. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer sheet against the correct blank number given in the example.
                                                              Error    Correction
John should reached there by now. e.g.should.   ________
He can have missed the train.   (a) can ________
He ought not to have messaged us.(b) ought not _______
You need worry about him.      (c) need _______
He mustn’t speak the local language.(d) mustn’t _______

Q3 In the following passage one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word, in the sentences of the given paragraph, along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after it in the space provided.
                                                             Before Missing After word
The refrigerator is only appliance that finds e.g. is the only
a place in all homes. It consists a polished (a)_____ _____ _____
cabinet with shelves inside storage. Due to (b) _____ _____ _______
the cold atmosphere inside, it used to (c) ______ _______ _______
store preserve vegetables, milk, curd, etc. (d)_______ ______ ______

Q4 Rearrange the given words and phrases to form meaningful sentences.

e.g. golf/my/here/comes/everySunday
/grandfather/to play
My grandfather comes here to play golf every Sunday.
(a) walking stick/he/cannot walk/without/his/comfortably
(b) be/somewhere/around/must/he
(c) I/car/in/parking lot/saw/the/his
(d) havemissed/he/the/today/wouldn’t
/event

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Q1 Fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate options from the
ones given below. Write the answer in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers. Do not copy the whole passage.

i. Bar codes (a)__________ the necessary information regarding a product to the
customer as well as to the owner. (b) ________ there are many types of bar
codes in use, the internationally famous one is Universal Product Code (UPC).
In UPC, there are small black and white bars (c) _______varying thicknesses with
spacing between them, printed on packages. To read this, a bar code reader (d) ___________ a bar code scanner is used.

(a) (i) have given (ii) give (iii) gave (iv) has given
(b) (i) moreover (ii) hence (iii) nevertheless (iv) although
(c) (i) of (ii) for (iii) in (iv) on
(d) (i) so (ii) but (iii) or (iv) and

ii. The road to success is not a bed of roses Only those (a) _______ wade
through hazards and hurdles (b) ________ achieve success. One must set
clear goals (c) ___________ oneself and define precisely what one wants to
do. Winners do not do different things, (d) _________ do things differently.

(a) (a) who (ii) what (iii) whom (iv) that
(b) (i) should (ii) shall (iii) could (iv) can
(c) (i) by (ii) for (iii) of (iv) on
(d) (i) us (ii) them (iii) they (iv)we

Q2 In the following passages one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word in each sentence of the given paragraph, along with the word
that comes before and the word that comes after it in the space provided.
                                   Before Missing After
The World Trade
Fair was grand
affair.                      E.g was    a.       grand
It was inaugurated
the President of India. (a)____  ____  ____
Many countries
displayed latest (b)  ______  _____  ______
items tradefor the
Indian market. (c) ______ _______ ______
A largegathering
of Indian foreign (d)______ _____ ______
business men present
at the event. (e)  _____ _______ _________

                                   Before Missing After
Her duties the
day were over.     E.g duties.    for.     the
She had scrubbed
floor of the kitchen,(a)____ _____ ______
washed the vessels,
dried them placed (b) _____ _____ _____
them the wooden
shelf.She kept (c)  _______ ______ _______
the broom the closet
 near the kitchen (d) ______ _____ ______
and walked of the
kitchen quietly. (e)_______ ______ _______


Q3 Rearrange the following words and phrases to form meaningful
sentences.
(a) 12,000 species/all over/there are/of ants/the world/more than
(b) who/social insects/they are/small colonies/live in
(c) of millions/ant colonies/of ants/can consist
(d)vibrations/in/the/through/by/feeling/their feet/ants ‘hear’/ground
(e) its own/can lift/bodyweight /an/ ant/20 times

Formal letter : Type - COMPLAINT LETTERS

Formal letter : Type - COMPLAINT LETTERS

Formal Letter Writing

Letters written to people other than your friends and relatives for official or business

purposes are classed as formal letters.

Generally, formal letters have one of the following purposes:

o to make a complaint

o to request for something

o to make an enquiry

The writing in formal letters should be…

o simple and clear

o relevant

o free of any grammatical or spelling errors

o polite, even if you’re complaining

o well presented and in the correct format

Format

o Sender’s Address

The person you are writing to will be able to reply to you.

o The Date

This is written beneath the sender’s address and should be written in its format:

Example: 23 October 2017

o The Recipient’s Name, Title and Address

This comes below the sender’s address

o The Subject

This is written to briefly state the purpose of your letter.

The Salutation

Use ‘Dear Sir/Madam’ if you do not know the name of the recipient. If you do know the

name, use the title ‘Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms, Dr’ followed by the surname. When you write to a woman you may use Ms, which is used for both married and single women.

Example: Dear Mr / Mrs / Miss / Ms / Dr. Jones

o The Content

When writing a complaint letter you should:  describe your problem and the outcome you want  include key dates, such as when you purchased the goods or services and when the

problem occurred

 identify what action you’ve already taken to fix the problem and what you will do if you

and the seller cannot resolve the problem

 ask for a response within a reasonable time

 attach a copy of any supporting relevant documentation such as a receipt or invoice

The first paragraph should be short, stating the purpose of the letter. Begin with a

sentence that immediately draws the reader's attention to the matter.

Example :

I am writing to complain about the faulty installation of my air conditioner.

I wish to express my dissatisfaction with my stay at your hotel.

The middle paragraph of the letter should state the problem and should be presented in a clear and organized manner.

The last paragraph should state what action you would expect the recipient to take, how the company should resolve the matter, including specific actions and deadlines.

Example:

I would appreciate it if you could replace the missing part by next week.

Please let me know as soon as possible what action you propose to take.

I look forward to hearing from you within the next ten days.

The Subscription or Sign off

If you do not know the name of the person, conclude with ‘Yours faithfully’

If you know the name of the person, conclude with ‘Yours sincerely’, Sender’s name and designation (if any)

Sample 1

49, Galaxy Apartments

Laburnum Street

Calcutta-29

30 March 2018

To,

Head – Consumer Complaints

Hyper Electronics Ltd

No: 28. Princess Street,

Calcutta-36

Subject: Replacement of defective wooden cabinet

Dear Sir,

I hereby wish to bring to your notice that the wooden cabinet that I purchased

from your store on Garden Street, Calcutta on 28 March is defective. A packed

piece was delivered from your store to my residence yesterday.

However, on opening I discovered that the doors do not close and shut properly.

Moreover, the polish is also uneven. I have purchased many pieces of furniture

from your store in the past and have never faced such an issue.

I request you to kindly replace the defective cabinet at the earliest.

I am enclosing a copy of the purchase bill for your perusal and records.

Thanking you in anticipation of a quick and positive response.

Yours faithfully,

Tina Singh

Exercises 

1. You are Himanshi Joshi living at 165, Civil Lines, Delhi, 54. You purchased a three-drawer filing cabinet but have received a four-drawer filing cabinet. Write a letter of complaint to the Head – Consumer Complaints of the furniture company asking for a replacement.

2. On 15 February 2019, your company ordered five boxes of letter heads from R.K Printers. You received the shipment within a week but the letter head carried another firm’s address. Write a letter to the manager, Mr Singh, asking for dispatch of the correct letter heads immediately.
You are Mr Rahul Patil of Primrose Estate Agency, Saki Vihar, Bandra, Mumbai,
400050.

3. Write a letter of complaint to the Feel Cool Air Conditioners Pvt. Ltd. for sending you an incorrect bill of repairs. The repairman gave a quote of Rs. 350. The bill says Rs. 1350. Request them for the correct bill.

4. You ordered two pairs of shoes from an online shopping site. However, it has been over a month and you have not received the order. Write a letter to the Director -Dispatch, of the online shopping site complaining about the delay. Give the details of the items ordered, date and the order number. Tell him you wish to cancel the
order and request for a refund.

10th Std Fire and ice by Robert Frost

Fire and ice by Robert Frost

Read the following extracts carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Question 1.
Some say the world will end in fire
Some say in ice.
From what I’ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favour fire.
(a) What is the poet’s opinion of the world in these lines?   [CBSE 2014]
(b) What is the poet’s opinion about the world?
(c) What is the contradictory opinion of public?
(d) How are ice and fire similar to each other though they have contradictory traits? [CBSE 2011]
Answer:
(a) In the poet’s opinion the world will end in fire.
(b) According to the poet, the world will end in fire.
(c) The contradictory opinion of public is the debate whether the world will end in fire or ice.
(d) Both ice and fire have similar functionality,  in the sense that both of them would destroy everything in the world.

Question 2.
But if it had to perish twice I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice.
(a) What does ‘it’ refers to in the first line?
(b) What do you mean by ‘perish’?
(c) What does ice stand for?
(d) What would be the cause of destruction?   
Answer:
(a) ‘It’ refers to the world.
(b) Perish means to die or to be destroyed.
(c) Ice stands for coldness and it symbolizes hatred.
(d) Ice or fire would be the cause of destruction.

(a) some say the world will end in fire
Some say in ice.
From what I’ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favour fire.

i. What is the prediction of the people about how the world will come to an end?
ii. What is the poet’s opinion about the end of the world?
iii. Which two vices will destroy the world?
iv. Give the antonym of ‘favour’.

Question3.
i) Some people say that the world will come to an end in a fire while others say it
will come to an end in ice.
ii) The poet is in favour of those who believe that the world will end in a fire.
iii) Hatred and Desire are the two vices that will destroy the world.
iv) disapprove of

Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks each]

Question 1.
For Frost, what do ‘fire’ and ‘ice’ stand for?
Answer:
The word ‘fire’ stands for desire. In the poem, it indicates all types of greed and lust. In today’s world, mankind’s greed is endangering the very existence of the planet Earth. The word ‘ice’ in the poem indicates hatred and indifference which is as cold as ‘ice’.

Question 2.
How has Frost brought out the contrasting ideas in the poem?
Answer:
‘Desire’ propels us in hot pursuit of something, hence, it is compared with fire. ‘Hatred’ makes us cold towards other’s feelings. The coldness of ice can numb our senses. Similarly, the coldness of our hearts can numb our kindness. That is why ‘hatred’ has been compared with ice.

Question3.
Which two ideas about how the world will end have been mentioned in the poem?
Which idea does the poet support more?
The two ideas mentioned are that the world will end in fire or in ice.
Though the poet thinks both are great for destruction, yet he seems to favour
the idea of the destruction of the world in a fire a little more than in ice.

Question4.
 But if it had to perish twice. Why does the poet use the word ’if’?
The poet says that both fire and ice are destructive. Here, fire stands for the heat
of desire and ice stands for hatred. He thinks that our violent desires will end the
world. If it survives, it will be ruined by hatred.

Q5 Answer the following question in 100-120 words.
How does the poem depict the two contrasting ideas ‘Fire’ and ‘Ice’? Explain bringing
out values which can make this world a better place to live in.

Ans: Robert Frost refers to two contrasting ideas ‘Fire and Ice’ as predictions of how
the world will end. According to him, some people say that the world will end
in fire while some others hold that this will end in ice. The poet equates desire
with fire and hatred with ice. Both the desire and hatred are growing with such a rapid speed that the world will come to an end in either of the ways.
Intolerance in behaviour creates hatred that leads to fury and cruelty. One becomes hard-hearted and insensitive to the feelings of others.
Love, brotherhood, tolerance, peace, contentment, sensitivity, benevolence,
generosity among people can make this world a better place to live in.

FORMAL LETTER STRUCTURE & INTRODUCTORY LINES

FORMAL LETTER STRUCTURE– INTRODUCTORY LINES & CLOSURE LINES:

Sender's address (3 lines)

Date:

Receiver's address (4 lines)

Subject :

Salutation

Body (intro, body , conclusion)

Subscription
(Sign)
(Full name)

INTRODUCTORY LINES (letter to the Editor) :

1. An awareness publicity from a well established newspaper like yours would bring a huge revolution in the field of banning  plastics/alcohol/smoking....

2. Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper I would like to express my views on the crucial fact .....

3. Through the medium of your renowned daily, I would like to draw the attention of the public in general and ________ authorities in particular towards a problem which deserves an immediate attention and necessary action.

3. Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper I would like to draw your kind attention towards the commonest problem of .....

4. Through the lines of your daily I would like to introduce the pressing/sagacious/serious/gruesome facts prevailing in our society/locality.....

CLOSURE LINES:
—Owing to the seriousness of this situation, I request you to kindly highlight the issue in your esteemed newspaper so that some actions can be taken to curb the effect of _________and decrease the risk of people being affected by it.

—I will be grateful if you would consider giving my opinions a pertinent column in your esteemed newspaper.

—The people of our nation and the rest of the world are therefore requested to step up and ensure that these animals are fed and protected through the pages of your renowned newspaper in order to help them survive this difficult situation.

—I would like to make a plea to the citizens of our nation through the pages of your prestigious publication. Instead, masks should be disposed off safely and at approved locations only.  Kindly consider giving my opinions a significant spot in your esteemed daily newspaper.

—It would be highly appreciated if you addressed this problem in one of your columns to boost staff and department's productivity. Additionally it would benefit students who plan to attend xyz university in the future. I could share the additional information required about the issue, if required further. I earnestly hope you will note the aforementioned details.

—As a law abiding citizen, I believe that this problem needs to be brought up and that the gang needs to be imprisoned in order for the locals to live quietly without having to worry about the safety and security of their lives, homes and places of work.

A sample letter to the editor

Q1. Persons working in houses for washing, cleaning, cooking, etc. have been found involved in acts of crime in big cities. Write a letter to the Editor, The Times of India, Noida, throwing light on this aspect so as to make citizens aware of this problem. You are Larry/Lorraine of 352/C, Walsh society, Camac Street, Noida.

352/C- Walsh society,
Camac Street
Noida-25

30th July 2024

The Editor
112/A- Times Now Building
The Times of India Office
Noida-30

Subject: Involvement of domestic servants in crime

Dear sir/ma'am,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of the public in general and police authorities in particular towards a problem which deserves an immediate attention and necessary action.

It has been observed that the acts of crime such as theft, house-breaking, kidnapping, and murders are increasing day by day. Newspaper reports reveal that persons working in houses for cleaning, cooking, etc. are involved, directly or indirectly in such acts of crime. They either collude with
anti-social elements to make easy money or indulge in the heinous and nefarious act of stealing, kidnapping and murder themselves.

Owing to the seriousness of this situation, I think police should make it mandatory for people engaging domestic servants to get clearance from the local police station after registration and proper verification. The police must show alertness and far-sightedness while dealing with such cases. Kindly highlight the aforementioned issue in your esteemed newspaper so that some action can be taken to curb the effects of such miscreants and decrease the risk of people being affected by it.

Thanking you in anticipation.

Yours sincerely,
Lorraine

Home Assignment
Q2. You are Asher/ Annalise, a student of Class XII at Bright International School, Chennai. Students are required to cope with a lot of pressure in today’s competitive environment. Write a letter to the editor of a national daily highlighting the increasing stress faced by students and suggest ways to combat the same.